Academic Freedom Policy and Procedure
| Policy name | Academic Freedom Policy and Procedure |
| Policy number | ACA020 |
| Date approved | 13 August 2025 |
| Approving body | Academic Board |
| Responsible officer | Dean |
| Implementation officer | Dean |
| Next review date | August 2028 |
| Linked policies | Media Policy
Social Media Policy Discrimination, Bullying and Harassment Policy |
| Related forms and documents | The Model Code for the Protection of Freedom of Speech and Academic Freedom in Australian Higher Education Providers (2019) |
1. Purpose of this policy
This policy affirms Cairnmillar Institute’s commitment to protecting lawful freedom of speech and academic freedom. As a higher-education provider, the Institute is dedicated to fostering an environment in which teaching, learning, research and public discourse can proceed without unlawful or disproportionate restriction, and in which staff, students and visitors are free to inquire, discuss and disseminate knowledge. These freedoms are upheld in accordance with:
- the Model Code for the Protection of Freedom of Speech and Academic Freedom in Australian Higher Education Providers (2019);
- Australia’s legal and ethical frameworks, including the Higher Education Support Act 2003 (HESA) and TEQSA’s Higher Education Standards Framework (Threshold Standards) 2021; and
- the Institute’s own mission, values, and responsibilities to the broader community.
By codifying clear principles and duties, this policy balances the protection of academic freedom and freedom of speech with the Institute’s obligations to maintain a safe, respectful and lawful academic environment.
2. Scope
This policy applies to all officers, employees, students, student organisations, visiting scholars, external speakers, and any other person who speaks on Institute land or at an Institute-affiliated event.
Consistent with the Model Code for the Protection of Freedom of Speech and Academic Freedom in Australian Higher Education Providers (2019), the Institute:
- treats the lawful freedom of speech of staff, students and visitors as a paramount value;
- treats academic freedom as a defining value to be protected accordingly; and
- exercises its institutional autonomy in regulating these freedoms only through lawful, reasonable, and proportionate limitations
Legislative duties
- When applying any restriction on freedom of speech or academic freedom, the Institute must comply with— and is guided by—the following statutory obligations:
| Legislative Area | Primary Acts | Purpose / Constraint on Speech |
| Higher-education regulation | Higher Education Support Act 2003 (Cth); TEQSA Higher Education Standards Framework (Threshold Standards) 2021 | Funding conditions; quality and academic-governance standards |
| Anti-discrimination & harassment | Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth); Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth); Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth); Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth); Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic); Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001 (Vic) | Prohibits discriminatory, vilifying, or harassing conduct |
| Employment & WHS | Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth); Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Vic) | Ensures fair employment practices and a safe workplace |
| Speech-related civil liability | Defamation Act 2005 (Vic) and common-law principles | Protects reputation and places lawful limits on expression |
| Human-rights guidance (proportionality) | Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic) (informative) | Provides proportionality test when balancing competing rights |
These statutes constitute the “by law” limitations referenced in the Model Code. Any additional restriction imposed by the Institute must be demonstrably reasonable and proportionate to a legitimate objective such as safety, confidentiality, or the protection of others’ legal rights.
3. Policy
For the purposes of this policy, academic freedom is the lawful right of staff, students, researchers, visiting scholars, and invited speakers to—without administrative constraint or fear of retribution—
| Model-Code Clause | |
| (a) | Teach, discuss and research ideas, however controversial, without censorship or punishment, provided such activity complies with Australian law (e.g. Defamation Act 2005 (Vic), Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth)). |
| (b) | Engage in critical inquiry and scholarly debate on any matter relevant to their discipline, consistent with academic integrity and professional conduct. |
| (c) | Publish or disseminate research findings or scholarly opinions, even if they challenge prevailing political or societal views. |
| (d) | Participate in public debate and express opinions in their field of expertise, including matters of public interest, subject to lawful limits and in accordance with the Higher Education Support Act 2003 (Cth). |
| (e) | Participate in professional or representative academic bodies and student organisations. |
| (f) | Exercise the Institute’s autonomy over course content, pedagogy and research direction. |
Freedom of speech means all forms of lawful expressive conduct (spoken, written, digital or artistic) on Institute land or at Institute-affiliated events.
3.1 Value of Academic Freedom
Academic freedom underpins the Institute’s mission to advance mental-health education and research and is recognised as a paramount value (Model Code cl 2(a)). It co-exists with:
- Australia’s anti-discrimination and anti-vilification laws (Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth); Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth); Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth), etc.);
- duties under workplace law (Fair Work Act 2009; Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Vic)); and
- the Institute’s responsibility to foster a culture of respectful, evidence-driven engagement.
3.2 Principles (Model Code cls 4-8)
3.2.1 Freedom of Inquiry and Expression
Staff and students may inquire, explore and communicate ideas, even those that offend or shock, subject only to lawful, reasonable and proportionate limitations (Model Code cl 5) such as safety, confidentiality, or compliance with statute.
3.2.2 Respect for Others
Exercise of freedom must not constitute unlawful harassment, intimidation or discrimination (see Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic) and federal anti-discrimination statutes).
3.2.3 Support for Vulnerable Groups
The Institute recognises its responsibility to protect vulnerable persons from harm, including from speech or conduct that constitutes unlawful harassment, vilification, or discrimination. All staff, students, and visitors are expected to exercise their freedoms in a manner that upholds the dignity and safety of all members of the Institute community, with particular regard to those who may be at increased risk of harm.
3.2.4 Freedom in Teaching
Academic staff determine teaching content and methods, provided they meet professional standards, accreditation requirements (TEQSA Threshold Standards 2021) and the Institute’s educational objectives.
3.2.5 Responsibility and Integrity in Research
Researchers must follow ethical and legal norms, including the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2023), obtaining approvals and disclosing conflicts.
3.2.6 Public Engagement and External Speakers
As a private, not-for-profit higher-education provider, the Institute welcomes vigorous public discussion while retaining the right—and responsibility—to manage access to its premises and digital platforms in a way that upholds its vision, values and legal obligations.
3.2.7 Booking and Information Requirements
3.2.7.1 All events involving a visiting speaker (invited or external) must comply with the Institute’s room-booking or webinar-hosting procedures.
3.2.7.2 Organisers must supply information the Institute reasonably requires to assess security, safety, logistics and alignment with our mission.
3.2.8 Distinction between Invited and External Visitors
3.2.8.1 Invited visitors are sponsored by a staff member, student group, or Institute unit.
3.2.8.2 External visitors have no such sponsorship and may be subject to additional conditions (e.g., vetting of promotional materials).
3.2.9 Grounds for Refusal or Conditional Approval
The Institute may refuse permission—or attach reasonable, proportionate conditions—only where the proposed speech is likely to:
3.2.9.1 be unlawful (e.g. defamation, vilification, incitement to violence);
3.2.9.2 seriously prejudice the Institute’s duty to foster the wellbeing and safety of staff or students;
3.2.9.3 advance claims purporting to be scholarly but falling so far below academic standards as to undermine the Institute’s character as a centre of learning.
3.2.9.4 The Institute may also require organisers to contribute to security or other costs necessary to ensure public safety and order.
3.2.10 Content Neutrality
Subject to the criteria above, the Institute will not refuse permission—nor impose additional conditions—solely because it disagrees with, or anticipates controversy about, the content of a visitor’s proposed speech, provided that the content does not contravene any applicable law or the Institute’s core policies (including those related to safety, anti-discrimination, and respect
3.2.11 Obligations of Organisers and Speakers
3.2.11.1 Speakers must comply with lawful directions, venue conditions, and time allocations.
3.2.11.2 Organisers must ensure events occur in a manner consistent with the Institute’s values of inclusivity, compassionate engagement, and evidence-driven practice.
3.2.12 Institutional Responsibility
The Institute may regulate expression only where it is:
3.2.12.1 unlawful (e.g., hate speech contravening Criminal Code Act 1995); or
3.2.12.2 reasonable and proportionate to protect safety, legal obligations or the rights of others. Any such regulation must be no more extensive than necessary (Model Code cl 5).
3.2.12.3 Presumption of Academic Freedom – and Lawful, Proportionate Limitations
The Institute upholds a strong presumption in favour of academic freedom and lawful freedom of speech. These freedoms may be restricted only when, and only to the extent that, a lawful, reasonable, and proportionate limitation is required to achieve a legitimate objective. In assessing proportionality, the Institute will take into account its mission, values, and regulatory obligations.
| Legitimate Objective | Examples of Lawful, Proportionate Limitations | Alignment with Institute Values |
| a. Compliance with Australian law | Prohibiting speech that is defamatory (Defamation Act 2005), vilifying (Racial Discrimination Act 1975; Sex Discrimination Act 1984), or incites violence (Criminal Code Act 1995). | Upholds integrity and compassionate engagement. |
| b. Protection of wellbeing and safety | Imposing security conditions or denying a venue if credible threats to staff or students are identified. | Aligns with our duty of care, inclusivity, and TEQSA Standard 2.3 (Wellbeing & Safety). |
| c. Maintenance of professional and ethical standards | Requiring research ethics approval; refusing to endorse pseudoscientific claims that fall grossly below scholarly standards. | Ensures evidence-driven practice and professional integrity. |
| d. Respect for resource constraints | Reasonable limits on use of facilities, funding or staff time, provided such limits do not unduly restrict core academic activity. | Balances scholarly freedom with responsible stewardship. |
3.2.13 Proportionality Test
Before any restriction is imposed, the Institute will ensure that it is:
3.2.13.1 Lawful – grounded in a specific legal duty or contractual obligation.
3.2.13.2 Necessary – no less-restrictive measure would achieve the same objective.
3.2.13.3 Proportionate – the benefit of the restriction outweighs the impairment to freedom.
3.2.13.4 Transparent – reasons are recorded and, where appropriate, communicated to those affected, with a right to internal review.
4. Responsibilities
4.1 Staff
4.1.1 Freedom: May teach, discuss, research and publish without fear of institutional penalty.
4.1.2 Duties
4.1.2.1 Exercise that freedom with scholarly rigour and integrity.
4.1.2.2 Uphold professional codes (e.g. Psychology Board of Australia, PACFA) and the current National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research.
4.1.2.3 Respect the lawful speech of others and foster inclusive dialogue.
4.1.2.4 Distinguish personal opinion from Institute position when speaking publicly.
4.2 Students
4.2.1 Freedom: May inquire, debate and express ideas relevant to their studies or public interest.
4.2.2 Duties:
4.2.2.1 Observe academic-integrity rules and copyright law.
4.2.2.2 Engage respectfully with peers and staff, avoiding harassment, vilification or intimidation.
4.2.2.3 Use Institute facilities in accordance with event-booking rules and this policy.
4.3 The Institute
4.3.1 Freedom: Recognises lawful freedom of speech as a paramount value and academic freedom as a defining value (Model Code cl 2).
4.3.2 Duties:
4.3.2.1 Apply limitations only when lawful, reasonable and proportionate, recording reasons and ensuring a right of review
4.3.2.2 Maintain clear, content-neutral booking procedures for external speakers and publish the grounds on which permission may be refused or conditioned.
4.2.2.3 Embed and communicate this Policy: Include a succinct Academic-Freedom statement in all new-staff onboarding materials and induction sessions.
4.3.2.4 Present the Institute’s commitment to academic freedom and lawful freedom of speech during student orientation each semester, with links to the full policy.
4.3.2.5 Foster an environment of compassionate engagement, inclusivity and evidence-based inquiry aligned with the Institute’s values.
4.3.2.6 Review all non-statutory rules, procedures and contractual terms for consistency with this Policy; where inconsistent, this Policy prevails.
4.3.2.7 Report annually to Council on compliance, incidents, and any restrictions applied under the proportionality test.
5. COMPLAINTS AND GRIEVANCES
Cairnmillar Institute is committed to protecting lawful freedom of speech and academic freedom.If any staff member, student, visiting scholar or invited speaker believes these freedoms have been unreasonably restricted, the following three-step pathway applies:
| Step | Who to Contact | What Happens | Indicative Timeframe |
| 1 Informal resolution | • Immediate Academic Supervisor / Unit Coordinator (for staff & HDR students) • Lecturer / Course Coordinator (for coursework students) • Event Organiser (for visitors) | Most concerns arise from misunderstanding of event-booking rules or policy. The matter is discussed and, where possible, resolved on the spot. | Within 5 working days of the incident (recommended). |
| 2 Formal Institute complaint | Dean (Academic Freedom Complaints) – email: [email protected] Written complaints should: • outline the decision or conduct complained of; • explain how academic freedom or freedom of speech is said to be affected; • state the remedy sought. | The Dean (or delegate) conducts a fact-finding review, applying the “lawful, reasonable and proportionate” test in the Policy. A written outcome—including reasons, any remedies, and information on further review—is provided to the complainant. | Acknowledgement within 5 working days; decision normally within 20 working days. |
| 3 Internal review / appeal | Academic Board Appeals Panel (Chair + two members independent of the original decision) | The Panel considers procedural fairness and consistency with the Academic Freedom Policy & Model Code. It may affirm, vary, or set aside the Dean’s decision. Its written determination is final within the Institute. | Lodge appeal within 10 working days of Stage 2 outcome; review completed within 30 working days. |
External avenues – Where a complainant remains dissatisfied, they may seek assistance from:
- Victorian Ombudsman (administrative fairness)
- TEQSA (regulatory complaint)
- Fair Work Commission (employment matters)
- Courts or tribunals with relevant jurisdiction
Guiding Principles
- No reprisal – Raising a concern will not result in adverse treatment.
- Confidentiality – Information is shared only with those who need it to resolve the complaint.
- Written reasons – Provided at each formal stage.
- Timeliness – All parties must act as promptly as practicable.
- Support persons – Complainants may be accompanied at any meeting.
6. Review of Policy
This policy will be reviewed annually to ensure it remains consistent with best practices and legal requirements in Australia, including compliance with the TEQSA Higher Education Standards Framework and any legislative changes.